Summary of The forces that turned Baba around Essay Example for Free

Summary of The forces that turned Baba around EssayThe history is ab reveal the 16-year-old Babatonte, or Baba as his friends call him. He went at St Aloysius college in Highgate. He brooknt had an easy childhood and that has effected his education. When he was 12, he had been suspended from school closely 5 times. Every time he was suspended from school, he single saw it as holyday. Baba describes him selves as a bad boy there vandalising school property, truanting and getting into figths. At the first year of college, Baba had alot of problems. But later on he went to his second year at college. His plan for the future are being an actor. He has just been in a movie at the college that went out very good. The students are spending 2 days a week learning how to, climb a rock, sail a canoe and camping. And they also have been taught first aid, how to cook and carpentry. In the tekst about Baba and in tekst both Coming of the ropes, is the attitude possitive. Childrens with pr oblems cant be pushed, like every other childrens, but alternatively they need assistant.They need to get some self-confidense. In tekst three, called The single bullet that broke a communitys heart, and in tekst four, called Out on the streets, the kids are scared too, the two teksts have a bad attitude, but they mean that young children can be good if they just have some places to be and to chill out, sooner of doing it at public places. Comment on the statement Boys are useing more violence than word, rather than girls who are useing more words than violence.Girls are generally break dance to express their feelings and talk about their problems. Boys cant express their feelings as good as girls, and they are getting a feeling, that they are been defeated, if they are talking about their feelings. Some of the things that could be keeping teenagers out trouble is if the young people maybe has a bad childhood, I think something there could help them, would be if there were some a dults there could help them from they were kids, then there would? be any kind of troubles in their youth.Another thing there could also help the teenagers out of trouble could be if there were several after school centers. If there were several after school centers, then the young peoble/teenagers had somewhere to go instead of being on the streets and public places. The last thing I can imagine that could help, are if their weekday were getting a little bit diffrent, so they dont have to sit and make schoolwork all day, but maybe got some interest in for example sport.

Effects of Excessive Petroleum Use

Effects of Excessive Petroleum UseResearches shown that in 2014, the worlds cover consumptions would reach 90, 78 million set per day. This indicates the importance of the anele in every country, both developing and developed countries. But in the same research, the go forth of vegetable oil in one day in the worlds only(prenominal) estimated almost 89, 74 million barrels per day, which hatefuls the supply will soon arset afford the rule of oil in the world. This neglect of supply fuel easily ca single-valued function the exhaustion of rock oil and then it may hotshot to the power crisis. Petroleum supply exhaustion is one of the biggest problems in every country in the world, government activitys and scientists are trying to find expressions to solve this issue. Amongst whatever effort that overhear been done to solve the supply exhaustion problem, this essay will argue about the degradation of the oils quality in around area and emend the quality is one of the best fashion to put an end to the hardness.Litten by oil was shown to take away been used in the past Chinese. In the 8th century, the oil production had appeared in Iraq where plenty use pitches, a waste of oil colour to cover the streets. The first oil bore was express to be around Baku, Azerbaijan. But it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that oil exploitation was strongly developed. At that time, the main dismiss was the spermaceti that it was in addition expensive, none can afford it except the rich large number. Although the price was very high but it had a very bad smell so that people want to find a replacement. In the middle of the 19th century, scientists found many ways to exploit the oil oil efficiently. The first modern drilling was in 1859 in Pennsylvania and it put a start to our current petroleum industry.As the crude oil is become one of the most master(prenominal) thing for our lives, it is being overexploited that lead to the supply exh austion, one of the biggest and the most significant problem in petroleum industry. Over two centuries, trillion of oil barrels have been exploited, this number is not decrease but it increase significantly in the last two centuries and its becoming more and more. In some researches, scientists have pointed out that people used 30 billion barrels of oil per year this horrible number shows that people are using excessively much oil but the supply and the reserves do not enough for us to use. According to the chart posted by Michael Morrison, the world supply and require change repidly from 2008 to the first quarter of 2012, in 2008 and 2009, the demand and supply are very similar, but from the first quarter of 2010 to the first quarter of 2012, the demand always higher than the supply, veritable(a) in some times, the differences reach 3 million barrels per day. With those evidences, the exhaustion of petroleum is becoming more and more serious.It is give tongue to that the lack o f petroleum supplement is becoming more and more severe, and the causes of this problem is observable. Supply exhaustion come from both subjective and objective causal agents.One of the reason why the petroleum supplies deficiency than the need is the usage of everybody in the world. As we have k straightawayn, oil is used in most aspect of our breeding. volume use petroleum or at least its waste to process it into products such as all leather foot, aspirin, waxen, chewing gums, and the most important apply of oil is fuel and gas two of the most important power resources in the world. Since oil has become so important and the products which make of oil are becoming more useful, its high usage is understandable. We all know that it is easier to use than make, so that the supply always have to follow the need.The next main reason is about the use of the low quality crude oil. Low quality oil contains a great amount of sulfur, a toxic. According to Greg Karras, low quality oil can i ncrease the greenhouse gas emission by as much as 17 %-40 %( Environ. Sci. Technol, 2010, 44). Some statistics have shown that Middle East is the area which has the most oil reserves in the world, but in some others statistics the Middle Easts oil has the worst quality (G. Houlton, 2010). Most of the trade oil in the world comes from Middle East, which means we are using the low quality oil this can cause significantly bad make to our health and our environment. This can cause severe damage to the supplement of oil.Petroleum industry is not the only one that suffers from this, industries, people, social and even some governments alike have trouble with this hardness.The aspect which will be affected the most serious is the economics. The most adverse effect is price of petroleum will have to be increased. If the price of petroleum is increased, since some industries have to use the products of petroleum as its materials, those industries will be in difficulty and with the higher and higher prices of crude oil, the producers prices turn ond significantly. It is followed by every other product must increase their price which lead to the restructuring of the economics and damage directly to the life of the social groups, products excess and even economics crisis ( Kiseok Lee, Shawn Ni, 2002). Plus, the countries those who focus on export petroleum such as Russia, Arabia, UAE, etc will be suffered from the raise of the price of petroleum for some countries cant afford it. Furthermore, some countries have the intensifying unemployment rates and the taxes collected from citizens are lower because of the low employment and with the raise of the petroleum, those countries now have to face a very pernicious problem.To sum up, the lack of supply of petroleum has many causes. Although the impact of this problem at the present is not so serious and some solutions have been given out. However, people have to overcome this soon to pr import the problem from being sever ely.In the case of the lack of supply, people have to take action to control this problem, not only during the event but also after it. These are the most fundamental solutions.First, the government should control the usage of petroleum in each country. in that location are four main ways I want to suggest to shave the usage of petroleum. Petroleum is known to have been the most used fuel in the world and most of the products of petroleum are used to make fuel. In the event of the number of the vehicles are rising, the world need more and more fuel to run those vehicles, which lead to the explosion of the oil demand. In order to solve this, the scientists have found some replacements for the petroleum such as biofuel, power source from sticks carrots (R.J.Kopp, 2006). Apply those replacements in the real life will surely ease the hale on the petroleum supplement.The next way to reduce the usage of petroleum in life is the change in peoples using habits. People have used some org anic, green products instead of products made from oil. Avoid using personal vehicles to travel from place to place and replace it by rung or public transport, using packaged without plastic products recycle and re-use bottles, etc (J. Lucie, 2010). Plus, some industries which use petroleum as its raw materials should decrease the usage of petroleum and fake some others resources as the main raw materials (NASEO). It will followed by the lowered of the demand.In addition, to reduce the use of petroleum in the world, scientists should find alternating(a)s to petroleum products. There are many sources that can replace the petroleum and petroleum-based products like electric, natural gas, hybrid gas, bio-diesel a little known replacement to diesel fuel which is made out of used vegetable oil and can be burned in diesel cars and in home oil burners (Baltimore Monthly Meeting of Friends, invention Run, 5116 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21210). I would add that photovoltaic, passive solar, wind turbines and some others renewable fuels can be used to replace fuel. These are some alternatives for petroleum fuel which people can use it to reduce the usage of petroleum. However, most of those alternatives are little-known ones, only a little people know about it, then how can they use it There should be some propaganda campaigns that answer the people know about the situation of the petroleum supplement then show them the advantages of using the alternatives for oil, this could help people reduce using petroleum as their most important power source.Last but not least, a very effective way to reduce the use of petroleum in people and teen is some programs that the government should set up such as weekend without oil. This is a program which was set up by dosomething.org, an organization help young people to tackle against some impact from their own behaviors and habits. These programs should aim to helps people to severalize the ways that their daily routines help increase the oil consumption and provide the people how to avoid it (C. Tackett, 2010). This is not only help to reduce the use of oil but also make the people to be more active with some outdoor activities such as walk or ride a bike,Although all these solutions are very effective, but its also have some disadvantages. Theres one most optimal solution that I have given, and it is people should use alternatives fuel.This is the most effective way to restrict the usage of petroleum its also the best way to improve the quality of our environment which is being severely damage by the over-using of petroleum.In this solution, people can reduce their petroleum usage by using others descriptor of power source such as solar energy, power of the wind, biofuel, biodiesel and especially fuel for driving vehicles. As most of the amount of petroleum is used as the fuel to run the vehicles, changing the fuel of the vehicles is the best ways to reduce the petroleum usage, which biodiesel and so lar energy can be the best one. Using these alternative can help reduce the reliance on petroleum of most of the country in the world. Plus, some alternatives are renewable resources while petroleum is non-renewable resources, which mean we can use as much as we can without worry about the exhaustion of those resources. Furthermore, those alternativess bad effects are extremely elflike while petroleum can cause huge damage for our environment, every year using and exploiting petroleum emit 381.740.601lbs of toxic air pollution, 3.3 trillion lbs of carbonic acid gas (J.Sandry,2013). Using alternatives for petroleum is very useful and its also the easiest way to reduce our reliance on petroleum so that we can solve the petroleum-exhaustion problem, and even the environment problems. Biofuels is an example, these are result from the photosynthesis of plants which convert solar energy into chemical energy, its green and renewable though their slightly less energy than oil and throttle but much cleaner (ecoreps). Some researches shown that using solar energy instead of petroleum in 25 years can help reduce 199.679lbs of CO2, 2316 trees can be planted with the surplus and help the drivers saving 208.166 miles driven (RGS energy,2014). This way is not being limited in any country but for every country in the world, everyone can use these replacements, its even cheaper than the cost of the petroleum, then why shouldnt people use these alternatives, for both themselves and the world. However, the only downfall of this solution is that it cant be spread through some developing countries, people should find some way to widespread these alternatives to developing countries to help them. In order to reduce petroleum usage and saving our environment, replace petroleum in most of aspect in our lives is the best way to achieve our goal.In conclusion, supply exhaustion in petroleum is a significant problem in every phase of petroleum industry, but this is a most severe time when the surplus between supply and demand is at the highest ever. Industries, power, products, etc now have to rely too much on petroleum and its waste which is the most fundamental reason for this problem. This reliance does not damage the petroleum industry with the depletion of supply but also damage the economics with the raise of the cost of petroleum. However, the most significant effect is the damage our environment with the use and the waste of petroleum. In that consequence, people have to reduce their use of petroleum to survive them from the reliance on petroleum. The best way to reduce the use is using alternatives, solar energy wind energy biofuels are very effective alternatives that people should consider to use them instead of using too much petroleum. This is not only to save the petroleum industry but also our environment. Everyone should join extend to to solve this problem.

Proactive and Reactive MANET Protocols Analysis

proactive and Reactive MANET Protocols AnalysisAd hoc ne 2rkAbstractA peregrine ad hoc profits (MANET) is consisting of tuner industrious thickenings. The confabulation of these mobile inspissations is carried out without whatever centralized control. Routing is a critical issue in MANET. The focus of this dissertation is on the carry outance of routing communications protocols. We comp argon tether routing protocols in MANET i.e. AODV, DSR and OLSR. OPNET is the simulation tool. These routing protocols performance argon analyzed by three important prosody delay, cyberspace consign and byput. every the three routing protocols are explained in a deep way with metrics. The comparison analysis will be carrying out about these protocols and in the determination the conclusion will be present. That which routing protocol is the best for mobile ad hoc earnings.IntroductionMANET stands for Mobile Ad hoc Ne dickensrk. A decentralized autonomous radiocommunication organisa tion which consists of free knobs. MANET sometimes c totallyed mobile mesh interlocking. MANET is a self configurable wireless web. A MANET consists of mobile nodes, a drivewayr with multiple hosts and wireless communication thingamabobs. The wireless communication devices are as transmitters, receivers and antennas. These antennas back end be of every kind. These nodes can be fixed or mobile. The term node referred to as, which are free to move every which way in every direction. These nodes can be a mobile ph iodine, laptop, personal digital assistance, MP3 player and personal computer. These nodes located, might be in cars, ships, airplanes or with state having small electronic devices 59. Nodes can connect to each an separate(prenominal) randomly and forming arbitrary topologies. Nodes pass to each other(a) and similarly forward piles to neighbor nodes as a router. The ability of self configuration of these nodes makes them more suitable for urgently required net pro fit affiliation. For vitrine in disaster hit areas where there is no communication infra social system. It is greatly desired to commit a quick communication infrastructure. MANET is the quick remedy for any disaster situation. The word Ad hoc actor For a special purpose. So MANET a spontaneous net is use upful when dealing with wireless devices in which some of the devices are part of the net income only if for the era of a communication session and the need for a can-do network regional anatomy is prominent. The MANET working chemical group (WG) within the Internet Engineering Task furiousness (IETF) working specifically on developing IP routing protocols topologies. In order to improve mobile routing and interface definition standards for use within the Internet protocol suite 59.After huge research work on MANET, still MANET does not have complete formed Internet based standards. The identification of observational Request For Comments (RFCs) since 2003 1 is emplo y. In these RFCs the questions are unanswered concerning of implementation or deployment of these routing protocols. But these proposed algorithmic programs are identified as a trial engineering and there is a eminent chance that they will develop into a standard 1. Extensive research work in this area has continued since then with major studies on contrastive routing protocols such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), projectile reference Routing (DSR), Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) 1. Also on the standardization of routing and interface solutions for mobile networking support through Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) Working Group WG 59.Aims and Objectives at that place are two groups of routing protocols. Proactive MANET protocol, Reactive MANET Protocol, and the third are derived from both(prenominal) called Hybrid MANET Protocol. The Proactive MANET protocol is generally called table driven protocol. It detects the network layout periodically. It tries to sustain the routing table at every node. From which a route to the destination from the spring can be detected with less delay. Proactive MANET protocols provide good reliableness and low latency for deciding a route. Proactive MANET protocol is not suitable for the node moving with high speed. The routing education in the routing table cannot be updated in the routing table. If a node is not moving, then its routing table information is updated continuously. It makes much traffic overhead and in any case waste network re credits as bandwidth 21. Proactive MANET protocol is also not suitable for large scale MANETs.Whereas Reactive MANET Protocol is called on-demand routing protocol. Reactive MANET Protocol finds the route when a source node requests to communicate with the other. On-demand approach is suitable for the nodes with high mobility. Nodes that transmit info rarely. The master(prenominal) drawback of reactive routing protocols is that the source node programmes the routing requests in the whole network. Then it waits for the responses. This route discovery role produces significant delay 21.Hybrid MANET Protocol integrates the merits of Proactive MANET protocol and Reactive MANET Protocol. Zone routing protocol (ZRP) and two zone routing protocols is the example of hybrid of MANET protocol.Research questionOur goal in this Masters thesis is to evaluate the performance of Proactive and Reactive MANET protocols. These protocols have different behaviors for wireless routing aspects. The chief(prenominal) problem is to choice the define and efficient routing protocol for MANET. The main questions arise for the evaluation of these problems.First question is which routing protocol provides a purify performance in Mobile Ad hoc Networks? This will give the overall performance of each routing protocol. Second question is what factors influence the performance of these routing protocols? Finally we address the main key differences in these routing protocols. To answer all these questions, we will model some of MANET scenarios with different parameters. To evaluate the performance of Proactive MANET protocol and Reactive MANET Protocols as, AODV, DSR and OLSR with respect to some parameters as delay, network load and throughput. In simulating these scenarios we come to know that no single routing protocol among Proactive MANET protocol and Reactive MANET Protocol is superior in terms of overall network performance. For example one protocol is good in average delay while other is best in network load and throughput. The performance of these routing protocols greatly depends on network load and delay. So the best protocol can give low delay and high throughput.Scope of the thesisAs we know the two categories of routing protocols. Reactive, proactive, and the derived one from reactive and proactive protocols are referred to as hybrid routing protocol. The hybrid protocol is a combination of both reactive and proactive routing protocols. In this thesis, we considered three routing protocols. Two of them are reactive protocols i.e. AODV and DSR. One of them is proactive protocol i.e. OLSR. In this thesis we evaluate the behavior of these routing protocols when apply in the network. We look that how these protocols affect the network performance, and how the routing protocols behave in these networks. There is no need to go in depth the design of these routing protocol algorithms. But we will give a little explanation of these routing protocols. That we are able to explain their effects on the network. We did not consider the effects of varying temporary removal time of the mobile nodes in our simulations. These pause time will be kept constant in all the scenarios. Energy consumption of the routing protocol algorithms was also not considered in the thesis.Thesis structureThe thesis is mainly divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the topic. In this chapter we dispute the MANET with detail, and also the research question. Chapter 2 presents the background of our work. Types of wireless networks and some part of cerebrate work with example. Chapter 3 gives the state of the art. It gives the full theoretical background and concepts of the ad hoc mobile network routing protocols i.e. reactive MANET protocols and proactive MANET protocols. Chapter 4 is about the performance metrics delay, network load and throughput and also about the simulation tool OPNET Modeler 14.5. Chapter 5 gives the results and an analysis of all the routing protocols simulated. In chapter 6, the conclusion and future work is presented.Chapter 2 Background and cogitate WorkIn this chapter we present the background of our work. Types of wireless networks and some part of related work with example.MANET have a dynamic nature, a large number of applications make them ideal to use. Quick deployment and minimal configuration of MANET in emergencies such as natural disaster makes them more suitable. The growth of technology makes increase in Wi-Fi capable laptops, mobile phones, MP3 players and other small portable devices. Hence a reason for MANET popularity.Extensive research work has been make on the performance evaluation of routing protocols using NS2 network simulator. Different methods and simulation environments give different results for MANET routing protocols performance. We need to look in a broader view for the effects of these routing protocols which are not considered in a specific environment. The theme of this project is to evaluate the performance of Proactive MANET protocols (PMP) and Reactive MANET Protocols (RMP) in OPNET Modeler 14.5 under varying network load 2. For all these comparisons we will use FTP traffic to look the effects of the ad hoc network protocols. The project goal is to give an extra source of comparison statistics in the research field. In our simulation we have wire less routing protocols carrying FTP traffic. These simulations performed will have a strong link with the theoretical concepts and also with the expected performance in practical implementations. This study work will give a great benefit in the future research work.Related workExtensive research works has been done in the field of MANET routing protocols. Different routing protocols were simulated in different kind of simulators. Here we will discuss different research papers on the performance of MANET routing protocols. In this thesis work we simulate three MANET routing protocols in the OPNET modeler 14.5. AODV, DSR and OLSR were simulated against three different parameters i.e. delay, network load and throughput. The results show that OLSR is best in network delay than AODV and DSR. The protocols best in the network delay must be the finest in the network throughput. Below we will study now different simulators with different routing protocols and their performance.These routing protocols DSDV, AODV, DSR and TORA were simulated using NS2 3. Analysis gives different results for every parameter differently. In finding shortest class between the source and destination nodes, delay, DSDV performs easy than AODV, DSR and TORA. DSR perform well in network load balancing than DSDV, AODV and TORA. DSDV has good jitter than AODV, TORA and DSR respectively. The results given in 5 analyse DSR and DSDV in idealized and realistic simulation environments on their performance. Another paper in reference 4 gives conclusion in mobile ad hoc network that reactive protocols i.e. AODV and DSR perform well when the network load is moderate. In reference 4 the reactive protocols are saving much resource like energy. It analyse that the proactive protocols perform well in heavy network traffic load.In 6 there are different conclusions about the MANET routing protocols. DSDV, AODV and DSR were simulated in NS2. The reactive protocol AODV outperforms than DSDV and DSR in maintai ning connection by sequentially exchange of information for TCP based traffic. The packets are delivered when the node mobility is low and failed to deliver at high mobility. DSR perform well than DSDV at all mobility. In 6 DSR perform well than DSDV and AODV for packet dropping rate (PDR), delay and throughput. DSR generates less network load than AODV.In reference 7, the simulation was done in QUALNET simulator. The occasion wrote that AODV shows best performance in low and medium node density. Where as in high node density both OLSR and DSR outperforms. The author wrote in 7, that DSR is selected for file transfers where delivery and throughput are critical factors. OLSR performs well in both low and high node density. It is stated in 7 that OLSR is best suitable in application oriented traffic e.g. streaming traffic, voice and video traffic. In application based traffic delay is a critical factor.Types of radio NetworksBefore we discuss the wireless networks types, a small dif ference between fit out and wireless network is discussed. A network that sends selective information from one presage to another point with cable or wire is called wired network. The data sent over a network which uses wireless medium from one device to another device is called wireless network. In wireless network data is transmitted from one point to another through wireless links. For communication the devices have to be in the transmission or radio graze of each other. wireless networks are divided into two main groups. First infrastructure wireless network and second is Ad hoc or infrastructure-less network.Infrastructure NetworksFixed network analysis situs is deployed in infrastructure network. These deployed, fixed networks have base stations or access points from which wireless nodes can get committed. All the base stations or access points are connected with the main network through wired links (fiber optic, twisted or coaxial cable) or wireless link. The base statio n or access point is one of the important units of infrastructure networks. All of the connections will have to pass from the access point. A wireless node can connect to anyone of the access points in its range.Ad hoc NetworksAn Ad hoc network is deployed where wireless network infrastructure is not available. This kind of ad hoc network is called infrastructure less network. In ad hoc network each node is connected through wireless links. These nodes connected to each other and also act as a router, by send on data to other nodes. There is no lying-in on these nodes to join or leave the network. Thus the network has no vital infrastructure. Ad hoc networks have two forms one is static ad hoc networks (SANET), the other is called mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Commercial implementation of ad hoc network becomes possible due to the development of new technology such as 802.11 5.The main reason to deploy this kind of network is the flexibility and easiness of deployment. A suitable network for emergency and surveillance use. But with all these qualities, ad hoc network operation is very difficult to handle. all(prenominal) and every node is responsible for its operation to maintain its routing table and also forwarding packets to its neighbors as routers. MANET has different topology changes while deployed. So ad hoc network need an efficient routing protocol. To construct an efficient routing protocol is a tough and tedious task.Mobile Ad hoc NetworksAs mentioned before an ad hoc network is a wireless network, which do not have a centralized and fixed infrastructure. MANET is referred to a wireless ad hoc network. In which nodes are free to move arbitrarily. In a MANET, mobile nodes transmit and receive the traffic. Also mobile nodes can act like routers by forwarding the neighbors traffic to the destination. As the routers are mostly multi hops 60. MANET does not need base stations of wired infrastructure. The mobile nodes in wireless network range can com municate with each other. MANET is self organized network. The mobile nodes form a network automatically without a fixed infrastructure and central anxiety 60. The mobile nodes have transmitters and receivers with smart antennas, which enable the mobile nodes to communicate with other mobile nodes in the network. The topology of the network change every time by getting in and out of the mobile nodes in the network. In the beginning MANET was designed for military use but now the MANET is used in legion(predicate) areas. Such as in disaster hit areas, data collection in some region, in rescue missions, practical(prenominal) classes and conferences 60. This concept with ad hoc network makes the full name of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). By growing the network, combined with the node mobility. The challenges of self configuration of the network become more evident. hostage in the MANET is a very important issue. Many techniques were defined for the security of MANET. Intrusion det ection technique is investigated in reference 60. Mobile nodes in the network waste much energy by joining in and out with connection to wireless network. This connection and reconnection create energy limitation in the network.The main purpose of developing the ad hoc routing protocols to cope with the dynamic nature of MANET. The routing protocols efficiency can be determined by the battery power consumption. Energy is consumed during society of a node in a network and also in routing of traffic. The routing protocol which adapts to the connection tearing and mending is also considered vital. Such routing protocols are AODV, DSR and OLSR, TORA, Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP), Zone Routing Protocol, and Two-Zone Routing Protocol (TZRP) 21. We will discuss reactive and proactive routing protocols i.e. AODV, DSR and OLSR in chapter 3 respectively. The net profit engineering task force (IETF) MANET working group (WG) was dedicated to standardize the routing protocols in MANET. RFC 2501 specifies the charter of the working group 8.An Example of MANET ApplicationThe versatility and self configuration of MANET makes them a best choice for a grand range of applications. MANET can be used in natural disaster areas, pre planed strategic event like surveillance, data collecting in some regions, conferences and virtual classes. In such areas where the fixed infrastructure is not available before. Like earthquake hit areas where the fixed infrastructure has been destroyed, in flooded areas, fire or explosion hit areas, train or air plane crash 21. A very common use of MANET is during business conferences. The only and key evaluate that make MANET ideal is their self configuration and low cost of deployment.Here we will present one practical example. In a virtual class, a WiMAX radio link may be established. Then a MANET access network can be established to give coverage to those areas that is difficult to cover. The nodes distant away from the base station rely on midway nodes for communication. Thus provide a best communication network in such antagonistic situation. Above in intention 1, a deployed MANET over WiMAX backbone is shown. In this figure the mobile nodes and the WiMAX_WLAN channelr form a MANET. These nodes are connected to the WiMAX_WLAN router and the router is further connected to the WiMAX network. The router is working like a boundary between the MANET and the WiMAX. The WiMAX_WLAN router is capable of translation between the MANET protocols and the WiMAX network protocols, and also the backbone protocols the WiMAX is connected with. The figure 1 is shown above.Chapter 3 Ad hoc Networks Routing ProtocolsThe theoretical concepts of ad hoc routing protocols are discussed in this chapter. The behaviors of proactive and reactive routing protocols will be analyzed.RoutingRouting means to take in a path. Routing in MANET means to choose a right and suitable path to the destination from the source. Routing terminology is used i n different kinds of networks. In telephony technology, electronic data networks and in the internet network, the term routing is used. Here we are more concern about routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Routing protocols in mobile ad hoc network means that the mobile nodes will search for a route or path to connect to each other and share the data packets. Protocols are the set of rules through which two or more devices (mobile nodes, computers or electronic device) can communicate to each other. In mobile ad hoc networks the routing is mostly done with the help of routing tables. These tables are kept in the memory cache of these mobile nodes. When routing process is going on, it route the data packets in different mechanisms. The first is unicast, in which the source directly sends the data packets to the destination. The second is broadcast it means the source node sends piths to all the near and far nodes in the network. The third is anycast, in this the source node sends data p acket to anyone which is not in the node group.Routing typesRouting has two basic types, which are as underStatic RoutingDynamic RoutingStatic routing is done by the administrator manually to forward the data packets in the network. Static routing is permanent. No any administrator can change this setting 29. These static routers are configured by the administrator, which means there is no need to make routing tables by the router.Dynamic Routing is automatically done by the choice of router. It can route the traffic on any route depend on the routing table. Dynamic routing allows the routers to know about the networks and the interesting thing is to add this information in their routing tables. This is shown in the figure 3.1 below. In dynamic routing the routers exchange the routing information if there is some change in the topology 61. Exchanging information between these dynamic routers learn to know about the new routes and networks. Dynamic routing is more flexible than stati c routing. In dynamic routing it have the capability to overcome the overload traffic. Dynamic routing uses different paths to forward the data packets. Dynamic routing is better than static routing.Routing protocolsThere are several kinds of routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. These routing protocols are categorized as reactive or proactive routing protocols 8. The ad hoc routing protocols which have both proactive and reactive merits, is called hybrid routing protocols. The first kind of protocol is proactive or table driven routing protocol. The second kind of protocol is called reactive or on-demand routing protocol. The first kind of protocol is simply called Proactive MANET Protocol (PMP). Proactive routing protocol detects the layout of the network actively. A routing table can be maintained at every node. From which a route can be determined with less delay. The proactive routing protocols provide good reliability on the current network topology 21 and low latenc y for deciding a route. The OLSR is a proactive routing protocol.The second kind of protocol is simply called Reactive MANET Protocol (RMP). In these kinds of protocols the communication is only possible when the source node requests to communicate with the other node. Reactive MANET Protocols are mostly suited for nodes with high mobility or nodes that transmit data rarely. There are some reactive routing protocols which we will consider here. These reactive routing protocols include AODV, DSR and TORA.An ad hoc routing protocol is a standard. That controls the decision of the nodes that which route the nodes have to take to the destination from the source node. When a node wants to join a network, it discovers the topology by announcing its presence, and listening to broadcasts from other nodes in the network. This routing discovery is performed differently according to the routing protocol algorithm implemented in the network.Proactive Routing ProtocolsThe routing information abo ut all the nodes is build and maintained by the proactive protocols. The proactive routing protocols are independent of whether or not the route is needed 62. Control depicted objects are transmitted with periodically intervals. Even if there is no data flow still control messages are transmitted. Because of these control messages proactive routing protocols are not bandwidth efficient. There are many advantages and disadvantages of proactive routing protocols. One of its advantages is that the nodes can easily get routing information, and it easily starts a session. The disadvantages are, too much data kept by the nodes for route maintenance, when there is a particular link failure its reform is too slow.OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing)It is a proactive routing protocol in MANET. It is also called as table driven protocol because it permanently stores and updates its routing table. OLSR keeps track of routing table in order to provide a route if needed. OLSR can be implemented in any ad hoc network. Due to its nature OLSR is called as proactive routing protocol. MPR nodes are shown in the given figure 3.2. All nodes in the network do not broadcast the route packets. Just Multipoint Relay (MPR) nodes broadcast route packets. These MPR nodes can be selected in the neighbor of source node. Each node in the network keeps a list of MPR nodes. This MPR selector is obtained from HELLO packets sending between in neighbor nodes. These routes are built before any source node intends to send to a specified destination. Each and every node in the network keeps a routing table. This is the reason the routing overhead for OLSR is minimum than other reactive routing protocols and it provide a shortest route to the destination in the network. There is no need to build the new routes, as the existing in use route does not increase enough routing overhead. It reduces the route discovery delay.Nodes in the network send HELLO messages to their neighbors. These messages are sent at a mold interval in OLSR to determine the link status. Here we can understand this by Figure 3.3. If node A and node B are neighbors, node A sends HELLO message to B node. If B node receives this message, we can say the link is asymmetric. If now B node sends the same HELLO message to A node. This is the same as first case, called asymmetric link. Now if the two way communication is possible then we can call it symmetric link, as shown in Figure 3.3. The HELLO messages contain all the neighbor information. This enables the mobile node to have a table in which it has information about all its multiple hop neighbors. A node chooses minimal number of MPR nodes, when symmetric connections are made. It broadcast TC messages with information about link status at predetermined TC interval 62. TC messages also calculate the routing tables. In TC messages MPR node information are also included.Reactive Routing ProtocolsReactive routing protocols are called on-demand routing protocols . These routing protocols are called when they are required. So the routes are built when they are needed. These routes can be acquired by sending route requests through the network. Disadvantage of this algorithm is that it offers high latency in searching a network. We will consider AODV and DSR in this report. But the analysis will be of AODV and DSR in the fifth chapter.AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector)AODV is an on-demand routing protocol. The AODV algorithm gives an easy way to get change in the link situation. For example if a link fails posters are sent only to the affected nodes in the network. This notification cancels all the routes through this affected node. It builds unicast routes from source to the destination. The network usage is least. Since the routes are build on demand so the network traffic is minimum. AODV not allowing holding extra routing which is not in use 63. Two nodes wish to establish a connection in an ad hoc network. AODV is responsible to en able them to build a multihop route. AODV is loop free. AODV uses Destination Sequence Numbers (DSN) to avoid counting to infinity. This is the characteristic of this algorithm. When a node send request to a destination, it sends its DSNs together with all routing information. It also selects the most favorable route based on the sequence number 11.There are three AODV messages. One is Route Request (RREQs), Route Replies (RREPs), and Route Errors (RERRs) 1. By using UDP packets, the sources to destination routes are discovered and maintain by these messages. For example the node which request, will use its IP address as cause IP address for the message for broadcast. It simply means that the AODV not blindly forwarded every message. The number of hops of routing messages in ad hoc network is determined by Time-To-Live (TTL) in the IP header.When the source node wants to create a new route to the destination, the requesting node broadcast an RREQ message in the network. In the figu re 3.4 the RREQ message is broadcasted from source node A to the destination node B. The RREQ message is shown by the black line from source node A to many directions. The source node A broadcast the RREQ message in the neighbor nodes. When the neighbor nodes receive the RREQ message it creates a reverse route to the source node A. This neighbor node is the next hop to the source node A. The hop count of the RREQ is incremented by one. The neighbor node will check if it has an active route to the destination or not. If it has a route so it will forward a RREP to the source node A. If it does not have an active route to the destination it will broadcast the RREQ message in the network again with an incremented hop count value. The figure 3.4 shows the procedure for finding the destination node B. The RREQ message is flooded in the network in searching for finding the destination node B. The intermediate nodes can reply to the RREQ message only if they have the destination sequence nu mber (DSN) tinct to or greater than the number contained in the packet header of RREQ. The intermediate nodes forward the RREQ message to the neighbor nodes and record it in their routing table. The addresses of the neighbor nodes from which it get the RREQ message. This information will be used to make a reverse path for RREP message from the destination node. When the message extend to to the destination node. It calculates the shortest path to the source. In the figure 3.4 it is shown. The destination node B replies with RREP message denoted by the dotted orange color line. From node A to node B the shortest path is the lower one shown with dotted line. These nodes routes information were saved in the routing tables and were used to build a reverse route from destination to the source node with the message RREP. The request reach to the destination and then RREP has reached to the originator of the request. This route is only available by unicasting a RREP back to the source. T he nodes receiving these messages are cached from originator of the RREQ to all the nodes.When a link is failed an RERR message is generated. RERR message contains information about nodes that are not reachable. The IP addresses of all the nodes which are as their next hop to the destination.All the routing information about the network is stored in the table. The routing table have these route entries (i) destination IP address, (ii) Destination Sequence Number (DSN), (iii) Valid Destination Sequence Number flag (iv) other state and routing flags (e.g., valid, invalid, repairable being repaired) (v) network interface (vi) hop count (number of hops needed to reach destination) (vii) next hop (viii) the list of precursors and lifetime (Expiration time of the route).DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)Dynamic Source Routing Protocol is a reactive routing protocol. DSR is on demand routing protocol. It is a source routing protocol. It is a simple and efficient protocol. It can be used in multi hop wireless ad hoc networks 64.

Increase in cigarette tax would reduce the cigarette consumption

Increase in cig bette impose would constrain the stern use5.0 IntroductionThe results of our psychoanalysis demonstrate that make up in tail task would reduce the nance consumption or quit fume among humiliate income ingestrs and heavily addicted smokers, then it upheld the hypotheses four and five. However, the revenue mover does non prove to be significantly related on younger smokers, female smokers and less ameliorate smokers. Chapter 5 includes a summary description of descriptive and inferential analyses and discussion of major findings that validate our query objective and hypotheses. Next section provides the implications of our view toward the society. Following section pass on discuss several limitations that atomic number 18 apparent during the progress of the study, as intumesce as to provide some recomm conclusionations for future research. Then, an overall conclusion of our entire study is presented at the end of this chapter.5.1 Summary of Statist ical AnalysisThe demographic profiles of respondents are analyzed when the data are collected. Smokers are categorized by different races, gender, smoke degree, education and age and the data is presented in pie charts. Besides, the central tendencies statistic of the proteans is also calculated in the analysis. Cross tabulation tables are presented to show responses of each subgroup.Statistical manner used in the inferential analysis is multinomial logistic regression. This statistical method presented the predictability relationship between the dependent and independent variables in the form of peculiar(a) ratio i.e. Exp(B). When the significant take is less than 0.05, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. In this research, alternative hypothesis for age, gender, and education level are rejected as these factor do non affect the likelihood of the responses towards cigarette revenue. The alternative hypothesis for smoke degree and income level are accepted as the signific ant level is less than 0.05. Therefore, smoking degree and income level are more in all probability to predict a certain slip of responses from the smokers.Multivariate analysis is also performed by inputting all independent variables as covariate factors in the SPSS program. Multivariate analysis is to ensure the relationship is non significantly affected by other independent variables.5.2 tidings of Major FindingTable 5.1 Summary of the Inferential Analysiss ResultsHypothesisResultH1 younger smokers are more likely to quit smoking than older smokers minded(p) cigarette tax increase. jiltedH2 Male smokers are more likely to give no response to cigarette tax increase than female smokers.RejectedH3 Highly educated smokers are more likely to quit smoking than less educated smokers given cigarette tax increase.RejectedH4 Lower income smokers are more likely to write out cost than higher(prenominal) income smokers given cigarette tax increase.AcceptedH5 Heavy smokers are more lik ely to give no response to cigarettes tax increase than light smokers.AcceptedSource Developed for the research tally to rational addiction theory in terms of the variable age, rational young smokers should be more likely to quit smoking given that their longer life remaining compared to older smokers and their comparatively lower income. Younger smokers who might develop lung cancer right now would lose much more (time) compared to an 80 years old smoker with lung cancer. Our empirical research does not confirmed this because we had shown that younger smokers are not more likely to quit/ rap smoking than adult smokers. Past studies by Lewit and Coate (1982) and Sylvain (2007) also contradicted the result we had. The likely reason leading to this result might include the small number of young smokers in our sample. The alternative explanation is that since we perform our data collection in urban areas, young smokers tend to be more affluent, in that locationfore they are not affe cted by increase in tax. Interestingly, Decicca, Kenkel and Mathios (2008) stated that since nigh smoking initiation starts during youth, in that respectfore, the existing young smokers who quit/cut smoking due to taxes could be higher.The study also finds that gender is not a factor in determining the decision to cut/quit smoking given cigarette tax increase. However, rational addiction theory predicts female is more likely to cut down cigarette consumption due to traditionally being poorer than male. This contradiction happened because, we suspect, the income gap between the genders is fast closing. Therefore, every tax increase provide not significantly create any reduced consumption of cigarettes among the women. Our finding is in line with the mixed results of previous literature. Chaloupka (1990) discovered that men are more likely to quit/cut smoking while Stehr (2007) undercoat that women are more likely to quit/cut smoking.We find that education has little impact on the decision of smokers in response to cigarette tax increase. According to rational addiction theory, smokers with less education incur much cost than highly educated smokers for smoking because they earn generally lower income. Our findings did not support rational addiction theory. Previous research by Madden (2007) partly supported our finding, he found that highly educated smokers are less responsive to cigarette tax. However, Tansels (1993) findings in Turkey (a middle income country) partly supported our conclusion. He found a positive and significant relationship between education and cigarette tax elasticity meaning that the higher the education, the higher the sensitivity towards cigarette tax a smoker allow be. The reason behind is that highly educated smokers also tend to cut down smoking when taxed are raised, not because of the money issue, solely because they are fearful of the health consequences. They have utilized the tax increase as the opportunity to go cold tur key. Therefore, when both higher education and lower education smokers pick out to smoke less, none is more likely than the other.Lower income smokers are more likely to cut cost than richer smokers because the cost of continuing the exercise of smoking is higher. Each RM increase in cigarette price will affect their quality of life, even creating shortages of money for childrens education, food and other daily expenses heighten to the future. This result conforms to previous research done by Biener et al. (1998) which says that poor smokers are 3 times as likely to either switch to cheaper brands of cigarettes or reduce consumption. Townsend et al. (1994) findings also brings forth similar conclusion.As expected, heavy smokers are more likely to give no response towards cigarettes tax increase than light smokers. adjoining complementarity explains that within a certain time frame, the more a smoker smokes now, the more he would like to smoke in the future. Unless the pain of hi gher cigarette price is more than the pain of giving up the smoking addiction, smokers will tend to continue to smoke in the future. Previous research done by Lee (2008) does not conform to our findings. Lee et al. (2004) whose result shows that heavy smokers increase smoking consumption when tax is increased supported our result.Overall, the article that Biener et al. (1998) produced matches our results almost entirely. new(prenominal) studies that contradict our result normally utilized national cigarette sales data. Therefore, their studies are not entirely comparable to our individualistic survey-based study.5.3 Implications of the StudyWhether cigarette tax effectively achieves the governments goal in reducing cigarette consumption is a significant issue that needs to be carefully considered from time to time in order to better determine the direction of future policies. Hence, identifying the effect of tax increases on cigarette consumption is an essential part for regulatin g proper political policies on the baccy use. Generally, the progressive increase in cigarette tax rates whitethorn provide a powerful contribution toward the governments taxation form _or_ system of government which would boost the governments income tax revenue, as well as to improve economic efficiency of the country. In our study, we found that highly addicted and high income smokers do not respond to cigarette tax well. They still purchase same quantity of cigarettes. Therefore, government should devise a method of targeting cigarette taxes towards these groups of smokers to maximize tax revenue. According to Tsai et al. (2003), bunchs of extra revenue which was derived from the cigarette tax would be earmarked to the governments effort for implementing tobacco control program against the tobacco use such as anti-smoking media-campaigns. Still, other portion of the cigarette tax revenues would dedicate into funding healthcare for under-insured community, lung cancer rese arch and other health related activities.Apart from that, our study also contributes to public health by identifying that education does not play a significant role in reducing consumption of cigarette due to taxes. This implies that our education system is not emphasizing the danger and health hazard of smoking. This, however, agrees with the rational addiction theory because highly educated people are likely to be wealthy. Therefore, they do not suffer as much because of tax increase. In contrast, wealthy people also suffer more because of health problems because they have much to enjoy in life (holidays, entertainment, longer life etc.) compared to low income smokers. Therefore, in devising a public health policy, our study implies that we should educate people on the danger of smoking while at the same time increasing cigarette tax so that in the end, the rich and the poor both smoke less.During the process of conceptual foundation, our research has contributed extensive amount of empirical evidence that have reviewed the relationships between various demographic and smoking degree factors and the response to cigarette tax increase. done our study, we can better understand the effects of taxation on cigarette consumption which will result in different consumption patterns. For instance, smokers may cut cost either by reducing the number of cigarette they smoke or change to a cheaper brand, choose to quit smoking, or maintain their archetype level of consumption. According to the fundamental law of economics which specified that as the price of a product rises, the quantity carryed for that product would fall. However, we found that there is an exception to this most basic law of economics because of the nature of rational addiction. Since we viewed the cigarettes smoking as an addictive behaviour, therefore it could be expected that increasing cigarette tax would have smaller effect than normal product in reducing peoples consumption of cigarettes. Alte rnatively, increasing cigarette taxes too high and the government would risk creating a black market or the emergent of disgraceful cigarette.5.4 Limitations of the StudyLimitation of this survey-based research is that smokers may not always do what they say they would do in the questionnaire. They may choose to answer quit smoking, cut cost in the questionnaire but may act to smoke coterminous week, next month or some other dates. On the other hand, they may answer no response to cigarette tax but choose to quit smoking the next day. However, they are not necessarily been telling lies. It is just that future conduct is hard to predict even for smokers themselves especially those who are highly addicted to cigarettes. Warner (1978) had showed that self-reported consumption in questionnaire significantly underestimate the actual sales data taken at the national level.Apart from that, the small numbers of samples of young smokers age 11 and below may not be sufficient to produce any strong evidence for that age group. The reason for such low numbers is that it is unratified for them to smoke in Malaysia. Besides, retailers are not permitted to sell cigarettes to minors age 18 and below. Besides, comparably smaller numbers of female smokers compared to male smokers may have distorted the results. Female smokers are historically and nationally lower than male smokers. Therefore, each female smokers responses to cigarettes tax have larger impact per person to the end result as compared to individual male smoker.Wasserman, Manning, Newhouse and Winkler (1991) had observed that using individual level data may incorporate ecological bias into the study. There may be other variables affecting the tobacco use that are not incorporated into the determinant. Example might include, family size, social statuses of smokers and profession (e.g. doctors may possibly smoke less). Another example would be the existence of societal culture that disapproves the habit of smoking .The respondent going through the survey questionnaire cannot choose to answer the questionnaire in any other way than was included in the choices of answers. The smoker only can fill in their answer according to the objective answers set by the tec beforehand and all the answer categories are based on nominal or ordinal. If the questionnaire is asking about question such as how would you response to a RM1 increase in cigarette price and the respondent wish to answer that he would quit for 1 month and only continue smoking if his income has increase accordingly, it is not possible. These will result in inaccurate result as the researcher has already set the chooseable answers, namely to quit smoking, cutting cost and choose not to respond.Another limitation of the research is that it does not consider smuggled cigarettes and cigarettes sold in tax free zone. Tsai et al. (2003) and Lee and Chen (2006) had proved in their studies that smokers tend to purchased smuggled cigarettes to a void the high cost of legal cigarettes in Taiwan. Respondent who purchase tax-exempted cigarettes from these two sources may not be hurt by the tax and therefore our result will be biased towards No Response.Moreover, although we know that the main effect of rising price of cigarette due to tax would reduce smokers cigarette consumption but we do not know whether it is cigarette tax that has actually play an important role on the aim of cigarette. Perhaps the reason for reducing cigarette consumption may be due to some issues other than taxation policy such as fear over the health consequences of cigarette smoking since they know that smoking will lead to lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, etc. Another issue that could influence on the demand of cigarette may be the tobacco control policy, for example advertising restrictions or ban on smoking in public places, as well as anti-smoking media campaigns could induce smokers to quit/cut smoking as well. Besides that, law policy also p lays a major effect on cigarette consumption which limit smoking in public place and restrictions on youth under 18 years old to purchase the tobacco products. Since there are a lot of other issues than taxation in affecting their smoking behaviour, therefore it is recommended that future research in those issues need to be mete outed to operate its actual effects.The final limitation of our study is that we seek our respondent mainly in the Klang Valley area. Therefore, it may not truly represent the whole population in Malaysia. We know that Klang Valley populations are urban dwellers and the result may deviate a little if we include smokers from countrified areas. Urban dwellers normally had higher education level and higher income level compared to non-urban dwellers. However, since majority of the smokers live in the city and most of the tax revenue collected comes from them, it is acceptable to neglect smokers from rural areas.All limitations are acknowledged but they do no t detract from the significance of finding but merely provides platforms for future research.5.5 Recommendations for Future ResearchAs we use cross-sectional method in our research, we highly recommend future research on this topic conducted in the longitudinal method. Future researchers can conduct the research on the change of cigarette tax in Malaysia in the time period of few years or longer. It is similar to the way conducted by Hamilton, Levinton, Pierre, Grimard (1997) and Hanewinkel and Isensee (2007) in their studies. Based on our knowledge and finding, Malaysia has not conducted the research on this topic by this method. By conducting the study in longitudinal method, the result will be more accurate and reliable because this method can overcome the limitation of cross-sectional method as discussed in the first paragraph of limitation. Actually, there are even little research on the topic cigarette taxes itself in Malaysia. More research on this topic is highly recommende d because the consumption behavior of Malaysian smokers may be different from overseas smokers.Many researches on the cigarette consumption were focused either on the effect of cigarette tax/price to the cigarette consumption such as Lee (2008) or the effect of anti-smoking campaign/health information on the cigarette consumption such as Warner (1977) and Lee and Chen (2008). Future researchers should find ways to integrate and study both the effect of cigarette tax and anti-smoking campaigns together on the cigarette consumption. This is because cigarette tax and health information do affect the cigarette consumption at the same time. The only difference between them is whether price or health information plays in a bigger role on the change of cigarette consumption. By studying the effect of cigarette tax and health information together on the cigarette consumption, the result can be more reliable and usable for government to implement its tobacco policy effectively and efficientl y.Besides that, researchers can examine the fairness principle on the tobacco policy in Malaysia. Many researchers such Gospodinov and Ian Irvine (2009)) and Warner et al. (1995) had discussed the issues of fairness principle in the tobacco policy in their studies. One of the arguments is the tax imposed is unfair to lower income group. Lower income group often will consume lower priced or smuggled cigarettes when cigarette tax is increased as proved by Evans and Farrelly (1998), Farrelly, Nimsch, Hyland and Cummings (2004), and Tsai et al. (2003). Often, lower priced or smuggled cigarettes contain higher tar and nicotine substance. The consumers health will be more affected by smoking these types of cigarettes. Moreover, future research can focus on whether tax should be imposed based on the quantity of nicotine and tar instead of quantity of cigarette in Malaysia. The impacts of implementing tax based on quantity of nicotine and tar need to be researched and determined.Youth is th e most valuable assets for the country. Future research can focus on the access of youth to cigarette or exposure to smoking environment/ habits in Malaysia. This type of research can provide important data and information to our country and the world since the younger generation of smokers has increased some(prenominal) folds throughout the world during the ult century. More effective tobacco control program to the youth can be implemented based on the data and information. In addition, future research can focus on what is the optimal tax rate for cigarette in Malaysia and its impacts.5.6 ConclusionSmoking has been a prevalent epidemic in the new-fashioned world. It remains one of the top killers of human on the 21st century. Fortunately, excise taxes on cigarettes continue to be our last line of defense against smoking and many countries including Malaysia has been increasing taxes on cigarettes for many years. In the beginning of our research, we had set out to answer the ques tions. We want to know given the socio-economic factors and addictions degree, whether it will affect the likely responses of fellow worker smokers following a significant increase in cigarettes tax.The principles of rational addiction theory predict that lower income, younger, low education, female and lightly addicted smokers are more likely to respond towards cutting down on smoking consumption and quitting altogether given a tax increase. Conducting a self-administered questionnaire survey in Klang survey with samples of 300 smokers, we have found out the following results. Gender, education and age do not affect the likely responses of fellow smokers. The reasons might be caused by relatively small samples, closing gaps of income between genders and tendency of highly educated smokers to cut down smoking due to health reasons. However, research found that low income smokers are more likely to cut cost. Highly addicted smokers are more likely to maintain same level of consumpti on. Both income and addiction factors is accurately predicted by the theory and previous research.Our research has wide implications. They include helping government devise better taxation policy, public health policy and smoking awareness campaigns. Besides, we have also contributed significant empirical data towards rational addiction theory. Limitations of this research includes incongruence between smokers actions and smokers intended action and ecological bias. tenuous samples for certain age group and the availability of smuggled cigarettes are among the limitations. Therefore, we highly recommend that future longitudinal research on cigarette taxation be conducted in Malaysia. Besides, research on the differential effect of taxation vs. anti-smoking campaign, fairness of cigarette taxation and access of youth towards cigarette can be conducted to affix this research area.Overall, our research has been a success. Although the hardship we have encountered during the data coll ection process and data analysis process is painful, it is worth it and has paid off to the team. We foretaste that the result that we had produced is truly helpful to other researchers as well as to the society as a whole.

Free Hamlet Essays: Talk and Action in Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Talk and Action in Hamlet The character of Hamlet is in truth prestigious, tho he has many shortcomings. In many cases, he shows that he is all words and no action. He waits until the very last minute to book a course of action. Hamlet realizes this, and he wishes that he had the characteristics of Fortinbras, Laertes, and Horatio.             During the course of the play, Hamlet just talks and talks virtually what he plans on doing, but when an prospect arrises to make good on his word, he backs down. for instance, when he finds Claudius praying, he could have easily killed him and been done with it. but instead, he makes up an excuse for himself, saying that it is venal to kill someone in the church. Even Laertes agreed with Claudius when he said in Act IV, Scene 7 that no place indeed should kill sanctuarize. The only times that Hamlet takes action is when he has no choice. He takes action when he is sent to England. He only doe s anything, because if he doesnt, he leave be killed. The other time that he uses action instead of words is, of course, at the end. but by that time, it is already withal late.             Laertes, on the other hand, was quite the opposite. He was all action and no talk. A very headstrong character, he was rash and let his emotions make his decisions for him. an example of this is when he finds out about his fathers death, he immediately assumes it was Claudius and enters the castle by force, fully intending on killing him. This is what Hamlet needs to be like, but only in moderation. Sometimes, when the time calls for it, you moldiness act on instinct, without having to think it through for a couple of days. Hamlet didnt want to be brash and end up getting killed like Laertes did, but then again, Laertes did avenge his fathers death a lot faster than Hamlet did. And in spite of all the thinking and planning, Hamlet still ended up the same way that Laertes did.             Fortinbras was a mix of the previous two. He carefully planned out his strategy, and then acted on it when they were finished. He showed that he was not too reckless by sending his captain ahead of him to announce that he was coming, so that the king might have repay him instead of fighting him and losing men.

Genetic Enigneering Is Morally Wrong :: Genetic Reseach Manipulation

Genetic engineering has been one of the close controversial ethical issues since 1997 when wench, the basic successfully cloned sheep, was announced. Dolly has redefined the meaning of identical twin not only does she look exactly like her mformer(a) she in any case has the same genic choose up. This experiment was not only impossible but unthinkable. Yet, Dr. Ian Wilmut revealed Dolly on February 23, 1997, at seven months old ( Travis 1). On the rear genetic engineering whitethorn appear to be the solution to all of societys ills and the worlds problems. In all actuality it may have tremendous and mystic side effects. The issues that surround genetic engineering undoubtedly make it immoral and ethically wrong.Genetic Engineering as defined by Susan A. Hagedorn isThe manipulation of an existences genetic endowment by introducing oreliminating genes by dint of modern molecular biology techniques. A broad definition of genetic engineering besides includes selective breeding and other meansof artificial selection ( Genetic Engineering 1).After hearing of the creation of Dolly Americans soon learned the pungent fact surrounding her creation. Dr. Wilmuts success was accompanied by 276 failures. This success rate is no where near clinically acceptable. To start the developing of the eggs they were surprise with electric pulses twenty nine of the 277 of these eggs began to divide. The eggs, at that point were implanted into adult female sheep thirteen of which became pregnant, and only the one of 277 eggs were born - Dolly ( Wilmut 1).Long term prospects of mammalian cloning remain in question. this is no where near clinically acceptable for experimentation on humans.In the months following the intelligence of Dolly, President Clinton requested, a through review of the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of this technology... with recommendations on possible federal actions to prevent its abuse (Shermer 1). The answer is clear-- thither i s no safe place to realize the line on when genetic engineering is acceptable and is not. Governments can not say that the uses are strictly limited to exercise set disease because then there becomes a question of what is a genetic disease. For example, we may feel comfortable defining a mutation in the cystic fibrosis gene as create disease if it leads to chronic respiratory infections from birth to death at the age of twenty five. However a different mutations in the same gene cleverness caused little or no problem is this also cystic fibrosis?Genetic Enigneering Is Morally Wrong Genetic Reseach ManipulationGenetic engineering has been one of the most controversial ethical issues since 1997 when Dolly, the first successfully cloned sheep, was announced. Dolly has redefined the meaning of identical twin not only does she look exactly like her mother she also has the same genetic make up. This experiment was not only impossible but unthinkable. Yet, Dr. Ian Wilmut revealed Do lly on February 23, 1997, at seven months old ( Travis 1). On the surface genetic engineering may appear to be the solution to all of societys ills and the worlds problems. In all actuality it may have tremendous and unknown side effects. The issues that surround genetic engineering undoubtedly make it immoral and ethically wrong.Genetic Engineering as defined by Susan A. Hagedorn isThe manipulation of an organisms genetic endowment by introducing oreliminating genes through modern molecular biology techniques. A broad definition of genetic engineering also includes selective breeding and other meansof artificial selection ( Genetic Engineering 1).After hearing of the creation of Dolly Americans soon learned the harsh fact surrounding her creation. Dr. Wilmuts success was accompanied by 276 failures. This success rate is no where near clinically acceptable. To start the developing of the eggs they were shocked with electric pulses twenty nine of the 277 of these eggs began to divide . The eggs, at that point were implanted into adult female sheep thirteen of which became pregnant, and only the one of 277 eggs were born - Dolly ( Wilmut 1).Long term prospects of mammal cloning remain in question. this is no where near clinically acceptable for experimentation on humans.In the months following the news of Dolly, President Clinton requested, a through review of the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of this technology... with recommendations on possible federal actions to prevent its abuse (Shermer 1). The answer is clear-- there is no safe place to draw the line on when genetic engineering is acceptable and is not. Governments can not say that the uses are strictly limited to curing disease because then there becomes a question of what is a genetic disease. For example, we may feel comfortable defining a mutation in the cystic fibrosis gene as causing disease if it leads to chronic respiratory infections from birth to death at the age of twenty fiv e. However a different mutations in the same gene might caused little or no problem is this also cystic fibrosis?

Using the Google Search Engine :: Computer Science

Using the Google Search Engine find two internet sites that provideinternet resources for the study of Australian Literature.-http//www.middlemiss.org/lit/lit.html-http//home.vicnet.net.au/ozlit/ii. Write a detailed summary in no more than 600 words of what kind ofin stressation and services the sites provide. Give voices asnecessary.The first of the two websites that I looked at waswww.middlemiss.org/lit/lit.html, it is constructed by Perry Middlemisswho is a lover of books, and who wishes to pay credit to thoseforgotten Australian writers on the Web. Middlemiss begins by naming70 Australian authors, and also provides think to those authors, andthose who do not have links to other sites a promise is made that theywill be provided in the future. By simply clicking on one of theauthors, for cause Miles Franklin, you are led to a web page thatgives a brief biography of the author, and also a list of her works,some of which also have links that give a brief insight.The site also prov ides listings of the winners of literary prizes, andin particular The Miles Franklin Award, and The Australian/VogelAward. Again by clicking on these we are lead to a page that providesthe winners of these awards, and also those that were shortlisted. Apage that provides a short description on the authors and the booksthat are listed are available by clicking on the links.Another form of Australian Literature that is provided is poems.Middlemiss offers his favourite poet, Victor Daley on the site, andlists some of his poems, which are all accessible. He also lists otherAustralian poets, all of which have elevate links. By clicking on thepoets name we are lead to a site that offers a short biography of thepoet, for example Adam Lindsay Gordon, the site also offers a list ofhis poetry collections and biographies, some of which have furtherlinks that discuss that particular item. Links are also available tofull texts of the poems that are listed. For example by clicking onThe Trenches by Frederic Manning we are lead to the full version ofthe poem.Also available are links to different Australian novels, which havebeen unintegrated under different topic headings, these include fiction,drama, art, food, histories, and others.Ozlit (http//home.vicnet.net.au/ozlit/) offers more than 500 pagesof Australian Literary information, and more than 1100 entries intheir Books and Writers database, which is also fully searchable. Asearch engine is available that allows you to search the whole Ozlitsite for information. There is also a links database available thatallows you to search for references on writers.